Ancient and Prehistoric Medicine

Ancient and Prehistoric Medicine Free Online Research Papers It is difficult to imagine anything other than modern medical treatments. Medicine today is so advanced. Researches are finding new and better things for every kind of illness known. The study and practice of medicine seems like a modern day fixation. The truth is that for thousands of years humans have become ill and for the same amount of time people have tried to cure them. If you had to be ill in ancient times, one of the best places to do so would be in Egypt. The Egyptians were advanced medical practitioners of there time. They were masters of human anatomy and healing mostly due to the extensive mummification ceremonies which also led them to have a basic knowledge of organ functions within the human body. The Egyptians believed that most illnesses, other than the ones caused by an obvious accident, were mysterious. The Egyptians explained them as the work of the gods, caused by the presence of evil spirits or their poisons, and cleansing the body was the way to rid the body of their influence. Incantations, prayers to the gods – above all to Sekhmet the goddess of healing, curses, and threats, often accompanied by the injection of nasty smelling and tasting medicines into the various bodily orifices, were hoped to prove effective. (Nefertiti) There was not the separation of Physician, Priest, and Magician in Egypt. Some of the preventive measures included prayers and various kinds of magic, and even the wearing of amulets. An example of this could be the Egyptians cure for cataracts. In order to cure cataracts the Egyptians believed you had to: mix brain-of-tortoise with honey. Place on the eye and say: There is shouting in the southern sky in darkness, There is an uproar in the northern sky, The Hall of Pillars falls into the waters. The crew of the sun god bent their oars so that the heads at his side fall into the water, Who leads hither what he finds? I lead forth what I find. I lead forth your heads. I lift up your necks. I fasten what has been cut from you in its place. I led you forth to drive away the god of Fevers and all possible deadly arts. (Brier) The Egyptian priest-physician had a number of important functions. They first had to discover the nature of the particular entity that possessed the person and then drive it out or destroy it. This was done through some sort of powerful magic or sometimes wearing a certain amulet. â€Å"Though Egyptian medical practices by no means could rival that of the present day physicians, Egyptian healers engaged in surgery, prescriptive, and many other healing practices still found today† (Brier). The Egyptians used many types of plants, animals, and mineral compounds for curatives. The use of these compounds led to curative recipes, some even available today. â€Å"The prescription for a healthy life, which was almost always given by a member of the priestly caste meant that an individual undertook the stringent and regular purification rituals, which included: much bathing, and often times shaving one’s head and body hair, and maintaining their dietary restrictions against ra w fish and other animals considered unclean to eat† (Crystalinks A). Egyptians are credited as being the first to use and record advanced medical practices. The Egyptians recorded some of there techniques on papyri. Some of the most famous are: the Edwin Smith Papyri, the Ebers Papyrus, Kahun Papyrus, Berlin Papyrus, London Papyrus, and Hearst Papyrus. The treatments of the text are often organized into groups. For instance, the Edwin Smith Papyrus begins with eight texts concerning head wounds, followed by nineteen treatments of wounds to the face, six descriptions of how to deal with injuries to the throat and neck, five dealing with collar-bones and arms, and seven with chest complaints. Surgery was believed to come to the Egyptians through the care of traumatic wounds and autopsy. The use of autopsy is believed to come from the long and extensive embalming and funerary practices. Surgery was considerably advanced when considering the technology available to the Egyptians. â€Å"The Edwin Smith Papyrus deals extensively with the setting of bones, traumatic injury such as dislocation of the jaw, arm or shoulders, bruises, various fractures which include those of the limbs, ribs, nose, and skull† (Showcase). The Egyptians were also very mindful that they could not treat every injury or disease that they faced. If such a case was to happen then usually they would write, â€Å"An affliction for which nothing can be done†. An Egyptian medical kit consisted of: knives, drill, saw, forceps or pincers, censer, hooks, bags tied with string, beaked vessel, vase with burning incense, Horus eyes, scales, pot with flowers, shears, and spoons. The Egyptians often would heat the blades of their knives before cutting so that the knife would cut as well as seal the blood vessels. Prostheses were generally of a cosmetic character or added as a preparation for the afterlife. There were mummies found with artificial arms, artificial forearms, artificial toes, artificial feet, and some even had an artificial penis. Even things like a glass eye has been found, which was more likely used to fill an empty eye socket of a mummy rather than used by a living person. â€Å"Physicians performed other cosme tics as well. Apart from prescribing lotions, salves and unguents for skin care, they also produced remedies against the loss of hair and graying, which was combated by an ointment made with blood from the horn of a black bull. Hair loss was hoped to be stopped by a mixture of honey and fats from crocodiles, lions, hippos, cats, snakes, and ibex† (Nefertiti). The Egyptians diet was consisted of much abrasive materials which caused them to have teeth which were in a very poor state. Destruction of the enamel caused some to lose teeth at an early age and even sometimes was the cause of death. â€Å" Mutnodjmed, pharaoh Horemheb’s second wife and sister of Nefertiti, had lost all her teeth when she died in her forties. Djedmaatesankh, a Theban musician who lived around 850 BCE suffered from thirteen abscesses, extensive dental disease and a huge infected cyst, which probably killed her, aged thirty-five† (Nefertiti). People that were of more stature in society were more likely to have caries as opposed to the people that were of less stature. A person of the people was limited to what they could eat and thanks to the lack of sugar in their diet were more likely to have a clean slate of teeth. The Egyptians referred to caries as â€Å"a worm gnawing a tooth†. They sometimes treated the tooth with fillings made of resin and chrysocolla. â€Å"Swollen gums were treated with a concoction of cumin, incense and onion. Opium, the toxicity of which was well known, might be given against severe pain. At times holes were drilled into the jawbone in order to drain abscesses. But extraction of teeth, which might have saved the lives of many patients, was rarely if ever practiced† (Nefertiti). They also would sometimes use gold wire as a means to bind a loose tooth to a neighboring tooth that was sound. Fertility was important to Egyptians and they had many tests listed in the Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus. There was an existence of need of planning pregnancies also. Some Egyptian women would soak cotton in a paste of dates and acacia bark which was a spermicidal effect. They also devised the first known pregnancy test: Means for a knowing if a woman will give birth: Put some barley and some wheat into two bags of clot which the woman will moisten with her urine every day, equally barley and grain in the two bags. If both the barley and the wheat sprout she will give birth. If only the barley germinates it will be a boy, if it is the wheat which alone germinates it will be a girl. If neither germinates she will not give birth. (Nefertiti) Some of the upper-class women would give birth in birth houses. The houses were attached to temples that had pictures of Hather, the goddess of healing, and Bes, the god of pregnant women. In one temple there is a picture of a pregnant woman sitting in a birthing chair, in which the baby would drop through a hole in the seat and was caught by a midwife. â€Å"Birth itself was dangerous both to the mother and the baby. Infant mortality was high, probably around thirty percent, and complications and childbed fever killed many women† (Nefertiti). So one must admire the ingenuity of the Egyptians, which undoubtedly has its place within human medical history. â€Å"Although many of the treatments used had a little or no value from our modern vantage point, Egyptian medicine had a well deserved reputation throughout the Ancient World, with, for instance, Hippocrates and Galen acknowledging that part of their information came from Egyptian works which they had studied at the temple of Imhotep at Memphis† (Crystalinks A). Ancient Greece was much different from the Greece of today. In Ancient Times Greece was a collection of City States. Although each was independent from the others they all still shared a similar culture and religious beliefs. By 1200 B.C., Ancient Greece was developing in all areas: trade, farming, warfare, sailing, craftsmanship etc. Their knowledge of medicine developed accordingly. Greek Medicine, like the Egyptians, was advanced for its time. The early works of people like Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Alcaemon and many others show an advanced knowledge of physiology, surgical, and medicinal practices. Greek ideas influenced ideas in the Western medicine for times to come. The Greeks had an influence in the progress and changes in ideas on cures and diseases, and also influenced the attitudes towards doctors and healthy living and even medicine in general. According to mythology, the Greek god Ascelpius was a trained doctor. Along with his daughters Hygieia and Panacea, he was worshipped in a type of healing temple called asclepeia. Asclepeias was: built for those in poor health. These were like temples and here people came to bathe, sleep and meditate. The poor were also allowed to beg for money in these buildings. Those who went to asclepeias were expected to leave offerings to Asclepios. The asclepeias were run by priests. Patients to asclepeias were encouraged to sleep as it was believed that during sleep they would be visited by Asclepios and his two daughters, Panacea and Hygeia. A visit by these three was expected to cure all ailments. Those who were not cured could stay at the asclepeia where they were. (Trueman) There have been some written accounts of those who have supposedly been cured; â€Å"Hermodicus of Lampsacus was paralyzed in the body. When he slept in the temple the god healed him and ordered him to bring to the temple as large a stone as he could. The man brought the stone which now lies before the abaton where people slept† (Trueman). Such admiration for doctors and healing was not restricted to the gods. â€Å"Many people believe Greece was the home of the first Western medical science, when doctors stopped relying on superstition and diving cures, and replaced them with rational curiosity about the causes of illness† (Wikipedia). The ancient Greeks also greatly admired Ancient Egyptian medicine as well. The Greeks had respect for Egyptian medicine and imported some of the Egyptian substances into their own pharmacopoeia. The Greeks had an extensive knowledge of herbs and were aware of many herbal properties. They did perform scientific observations, but did not perform scientific experiments. Some of the herbs used by the Ancient Greeks were: anise, black hellebore, cassia, root of cucumber, cumin, root of cyclamen, frankincense, germander, honey, wild lettuce, myrrh, olive oil, opium poppy, parsnip, and seseli. â€Å"The first known medical school opened in Cnido in 700 BC. Alcmaeon, author of the firs t anatomical work, worked at the school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established† (Wikipedia). Although births that were depicted in art mostly involved men; in most cases of childbirth in Ancient Greece a woman was the deliverer. Midwifes became popular when women were no longer able to become doctors. The majority of the deliveries were taken care by the lady of the house and her servants. Women did use an obstetric chair for the process. Two women would hold the mother in the chair while a third kneeled in front to receive the baby. The equipment that a midwife normally must have for labor were: olive oil (clean, not previously used in cooking), warm water, warm fomentations (ointments applied to the body), soft sea sponges, pieces of wool, bandages (to swaddle the infant), things to smell (pennyroyal, dirt, barley groats, apples, quinces, lemons, melons, cucumbers; these were used as people today use spirits of ammonia to revive someone who has fainted), a midwife’s stool or chair (this was the property of the midwife; she brought it with her to the home where the delivery was to take place), two beds (a hard one for use during labor and a soft one for rest after delivery), and a proper room (of medium size and moderate temperature). (French) At the onset of labor all this equipment was made ready and the midwife summoned. In order to ease labor pains, the midwife would give a gentle massage with a cloth soaked in warm olive oil laid over abdomen and genital area. Once the cervix began to dilate, the midwife would gently rub the opening with her left forefinger that is smeared with olive oil in order to encourage the process of dilation. After the cervix is dilated to the size of an egg the patient is moved to the midwife’s stool. The baby would safely be delivered and then the midwife would carefully inspect it for any congenital deformities. The midwife would make the initial recommendation about whether the newborn was healthy and fit. In order for the midwife to make this decision the baby would engage in several tests. â€Å"First, when placed on the ground, it should cry lustily; babies that do not cry, or cry only weakly, are suspect. Second, its body should be normal; the openings for the nose, ears, ureth ra, and anus should be clear; its arms and legs should bend and stretch readily. Finally, by pressing her fingers against the skin of the newborn, the midwife should be able to elicit a reaction, indicating that the infant is sensitive to such sensations† (French). Not all congenital defects were regarded as unfit. The midwife would make a determination about the infant’s survival and likely recommend that any infant with a severe congenital problem would be left outside to die. Perhaps one of the most important Ancient Greeks when dealing with medicine is Hippocrates. He lived 400 years before the birth of Christ and is known as the father of medicine because of the many things he discovered is still practiced today. Hippocrates stated that: Medicine is not philosophy, and therefore must be practiced on a case-by-case basis rather than from first principles. In The Sacred Disease, he stated that epilepsy (and disease in general) does not have divine causes. He advocated clinical observations, diagnosis, and prognosis, and argued that specific diseases come from specific causes. Hippocratess methodology relied on physical examination of the patient and proceeded in what was, for the most part, a highly rational deductive framework of understanding through observation. (Jouanna) He told his students to carefully observe their patients and learn from the things that they observed. He said that the human body could heal itself and could return itself back to good health. Some more things Hippocrates said would be things such as telling his patients to eat in moderation. A moderate amount of exercise was recommended. Doctors were told to make sure that when they treated patients their hands were clean. He said that the operating rooms should be well lit and seem cheerful. He believed that patients in good spirits would heal faster. He encouraged his physicians to be men of honor that worked as hard as possible for the good of sick. The Hippocratic Oath was named after him. The existence of the Hippocratic Oath implies: That this Hippocratic medicine was practiced by a group of professional physicians bound (at least among themselves) by a strict ethical code. Aspiring students normally paid a fee for training (a provision is made for exceptions) and entered into a virtual family relationship with his teacher. This training included some oral instruction and probably hands-on experience as the teachers assistant, since the Oath assumes that the student will be interacting with patients. The Oath also places limits on what the physician may or may not do (To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug) and intriguingly hints at the existence of another class of professional specialists, perhaps akin to surgeons (I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art). (Wikipedia) The Hippocratic knowledge was widely distributed, highly influential, and marked as the rise of rationality in both medicine and the physical sciences. The Ancient Greeks themselves did not have a concept of germ theory; rather their view of human physiology was predominated by the ideas of essentialism. Essentialism was the belief that every living organism alive contained certain mixtures of the four elements. The Hippocratics and many other Greeks also believed in the theory of the four humours. This theory had its roots in the belief in four elements which, Empedocles argued, made up everything in the world: earth, air, fire, and water with their associated qualities of dryness, coldness, heat, and wetness respectively. These, in turn, were linked to the four seasons; dry autumn, cold winter, hot summer, and wet spring (it followed that you were more likely to suffer from a particular humour in the corresponding season). Among other corollaries, this theory meant that for some diseases, remedies to purge excess humours, such as bloodletting or vomiting, seemed advisable. (Wikipedia) These ideas influenced Western medicine for over 1500 years. As the exact relationship between the illness and humours, beliefs were varied. â€Å"The Hippocratics taught that an imbalance of the humours, or dyscrasia, was symptomatic of an illness. Aristotle (384-322BC), however, suggested that it was the cause of illness. It was believed that one could only be in perfect health when the humours were in balance, known as crasis or eucrasia. The natural tendency towards balance, or recovery, was called pepsis or coction† (Wikipedia). There was a major impact on Greek medical ideas and practices when Alexander the Great founded Alexandria, Egypt in 332 B.C. It was here that the Library of Alexandria was soon established, and its collections of important scientific and philosophical texts became famous throughout the Hellenistic world. â€Å"Alexandria was also the only city in Ancient Greece where dissection and maybe even vivisection of criminals sentenced to death was legal, which meant that doctors could gain a far more detailed knowledge of the workings of the human anatomy† (Wikipedia). Early Romans had a religious, yet fundamental understanding of medicine. â€Å"Deriving knowledge from the Medical Treaties and Methods of the Greeks, the Etruscans, the Egyptians, the Persians and other conquered peoples, the Romans came up with one of the best and most sophisticated Medical Systems of the Ancient World. The science of medicine and the human body was evolving† (Crystalinks B). The Romans started by learning what the Greeks thought about medicine, and in fact most Roman doctors were from Greece, or of Greek origin. Like the Greeks the Romans believed in the four humours. One of Rome’s most important doctors was Galen. He lived in the 100’s and wrote a book about medicine. Galen repeated a lot of Hippocrates’ work on the four humours, but also added a lot of observations about how the human body worked, which he learned from looking at the insides of human bodies. He saw the insides of people by looking at wounded soldiers and gladiators, and he cut open a lot of animals to see how they worked. Galen certainly knew more about anatomy than Hippocrates did. Galen understood that the blood was pushed around the body be the heart, for instance. And he knew that nerves controlled the movement of the body, and that people thought with their brains. He did not make any real advances in treating people. He still thought that blood-letting was a good idea. (Jungman) Ancient Roman medicine was a combination of physical techniques using various tools and holistic medicine using rituals and religious beliefs. The Ancient Romans, like the Ancient Egyptians, believed that diseases were brought on by the disfavor of the gods. They believed that superstition, rituals, and spells would rid them of the disease. Religious cures were rare, but magical treatments were common. â€Å"The practice of reading livers was common in the Roman world. After an animal was sacrificed its liver was examined by a priest who would interpret the liver. Looking at the liver, the priest would reveal good or bad omens from it. It was thought that the gods responses were communicated through the liver and other internal organs of sacrificed animal† (Crystalinks B). Ancient Romans had hospitals that were originally built for the military. Soon the influence of superstitious quackery begin to die and Ancient Roman medicine begin to take on a more practical and logical ap proach. It was still a trial and error, patient by patient thing, but the medics were more observant and carefully noted down anything that worked or was effective. The knowledge from the notes could be passed on and could be used by the next doctor. The Ancient Romans were led to significant medical innovations after the fifteen-year civil war that began after the assassination of Julius Caesar. This war was fought by the best armies of the world that resulted in so many injuries that the new emperor, Augustus, formed a professional military medical corps. Before this event doctors had a very low status in society. Augustus, realizing that they were the key in an empire and especially an army gave all physicians that joined his new army medical corps dignified titles, land grants, and special retirement benefits. For the next five hundred years, fueled by the motivations and opportunity for medical advancement supplied by the many battles, and supported by the powers that be, this serious group advanced the study and practice of medicine to a level not seen again until late in the nineteenth century. (Crystalinks B) After Emperor Augustus formed the first Roman Medical Corps and gave land grants, dignified titles out, and special retirement gifts to the doctors, the profession changed from being low in society to being a respectable occupation. They increased their success rates in treatments by making the medical professionals train at the Army Medical School and could not practice until they passed. Like the modern medical practice, Ancient Roman medicine was split among different specialties, such as internists, ophthalmologists, and urologists; so all the surgical tasks would be performed by the specialist of the injury. Some of the same tools the surgeons would use are the same ones that doctors used only just 100 years ago. Some of the tools in an Ancient Roman tool kit would include: forceps, scalpels, catheters, and even arrow-extractors. The Ancient Romans had a large variety of painkillers and sedatives to help in surgery, including extracts of opium poppies which is morphine, and extracts of henbane seeds which is scopolamine. â€Å"There is little doubt that the many folk remedies used throughout the Roman Empire were tested in battle by Roman physicians on wounded and ailing soldiers, who sifted through and found the treatments and methods with the most useful effects. Further, the bureaucracy of Rome ensured that the treatments were recorded and taught in medical school† (Crystalinks B). Although the Romans never really understood how germs were related to disease, they used many of the techniques that killed germs. Some examples of this would be before the Romans used a tool on a patient they would boil it; and they would not ever reuse the same tool on another patient until they reboiled it. The Romans also washed wounds with acetum which was a great antiseptic. The fact that arteries and veins carry blood was common knowledge to the Ancient Romans. â€Å"All surgeons knew how to use tourniquets, arterial clamps, and ligatures to stem blood flow. They also used amputation to prevent gangrene† (Crystalinks B). Not only did they have knowledge of all this, but the Roman war doctors also learned how to prevent many battlefield epidemics. They would do so by placing their forts away from insect infested swamps and they also installed drains and sewers to transport the sewage away from the men. The Ancient Romans would build sophisticated permanent hospitals that had heating and good ventilation to help the patients; the also had certain rooms for certain tasks and separated patients from others in order to prevent the spreading of disease. In the case of the Roman army it is clear that it was the wartime doctors that created most of the innovations because they were organized, they were distributed throughout the Empire, they were careful about capturing and spreading any new information or technique that worked, and they were highly motivated by the great loss of life suffered by their soldiers during the many battles. (Crystalinks B) The Romans obtained some of the most important techniques that our modern civilization uses today. Ancient people sometimes called upon supernatural spirits to heal their sick while modern medicine relies on science. DNA and research has replaced spirits. The history of medicine shows how ideas have developed over the centuries. Medieval barbers were the fore-runners of todays skilled surgeons. Todays medicine has evolved over thousands of years as each generation built on the knowledge of earlier times. This will continue to happen. Our understanding of the human genome will lead to fresh treatments and new discoveries may open the door to unimagined advances in medicine. The Ancient people may have had a very broad understanding of medicine, but they set the pathways to today’s knowledge. Research Papers on Ancient and Prehistoric MedicineCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic EngineeringThe Spring and AutumnQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Genealogy of the Titans and Gods in Greek Mythology

Genealogy of the Titans and Gods in Greek Mythology The genealogy of the Greek gods is complicated. There was not one uniform story all the ancient Greeks and Romans believed. One poet could directly contradict another. Parts of stories dont make sense, seemingly happening in reverse order or contradicting something else that was just said. You shouldnt throw up your hands in despair, though. Familiarity with the genealogy doesnt mean your branches always go in one direction or that your tree looks like the one your neighbor prunes. However, since the ancient Greeks traced their ancestry and that of their heroes to the deities, you should have at least a passing acquaintance with the lineages. Further back in mythological time than even the gods and goddesses are their ancestors, the primordial powers. Other pages in this series look at some of the genealogical relationships among the primordial powers and their other descendants (Chaos and Its Descendants, Titans Descendants, and Descendants of the Sea). This page shows the generations referred to in the mythological genealogies. Generation 0 - Chaos, Gaia, Eros, and Tartaros In the beginning were primordial forces. Accounts differ as to how many there were, but Chaos was probably the first. The Ginnungagap of Norse mythology is similar to Chaos, a sort of nothingness, black hole, or chaotic, swirling disordered state of conflict. Gaia, the Earth, came next. Eros and Tartaros may also have sprung into existence at about the same time. This is not a numbered generation because these forces were not generated, born, created, or otherwise produced. Either they were always there or they materialized, but the idea of generation involves some sort of creation, so the forces of Chaos, the earth (Gaia), love (Eros), and Tartaros come  before the first generation. Generation 1 The earth (Gaia/Gaea) was the great mother, a creator. Gaia created and then mated with the heavens (Ouranos) and the sea (Pontos). She also produced  but did not mate with the mountains. Generation 2 From Gaias union with the heavens (Ouranos/Uranus [Caelus]) came the Hecatonchires (hundred-handers; by name, Kottos, Briareos, and Gyes), the three cyclops/cyclopes (Brontes, Sterope, and Arges), and the Titans who numbered as follows: Kronos (Cronus)Rheia (Rhea)Kreios (Crius)Koios (Coeus)Phoibe (Phoebe],Okeanos (Oceanus],TethysHyperionTheia (Thea)Iapetos (Iapetus)MnemosyneThemis Generation 3 From the Titan pair Kronos and his sister, Rhea, came the first Olympian gods (Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia). Other Titans like Prometheus are also of this generation  and cousins of these early Olympians. Generation 4 From the mating of Zeus and Hera came: AresHebe the cup-bearerHephaestusEileithuia the goddess of childbirth There are other, conflicting genealogies. For instance, Eros is also called the son of Iris, instead of the more conventional Aphrodite, or the primeval and uncreated force Eros; Hephaestus may have been born to Hera without aid of a male. In case it is not completely clear where brothers marry sisters, Kronos (Cronos), Rheia (Rhea), Kreios, Koios, Phoibe (Phoebe), Okeanos (Oceanos), Tethys, Hyperion, Theia, Iapetos, Mnemosyne, and Themis are all offspring of Ouranos and Gaia. Likewise, Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia are all offspring of Kronos and Rheia. Sources Timothy Gantz: Early Greek MythHesiod Theogony, translated by Norman O. Brown

Culture and Psychology week1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture and Psychology week1 - Essay Example According to Browne and Keeley (2010) when we use critical thinking, we are moving forward in decision making. Gambrill agrees with this statement because counselors have to use critical thinking in order to make better decisions. As an example, a decision based on someone’s opinion is not be as grounded as one that is based on the counselor’s ability to critically think. Browne and Keeley also state that when we use critical thinking, we are better writers, thinkers and speakers. This to me means that we are not going off on tangents that can be clearly defined as opinion; instead, we have a basic foundation for what we are writing, thinking or speaking. B. Implications for not questioning information When a counselor does not question information, they are leaving themselves open for misinformation. They may not find all the information that is necessary to help with a diagnosis for the client. I liked the idea of the panning for gold technique that Brown and Keeley m entioned because when I thought about panning for gold, it means that someone is going through a lot of information to discern the small nuggets of information that have the best value. For me, this is what is being done when we are looking for information to help our clients. References Browne, M. N., & Keeley, S. M. (2010). Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gambrill, E. D. (2005). Critical thinking in clinical practice: improving the quality of judgments and decisions. NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://books.google.com    The topic for my capstone will be addiction as it applies to teenagers. I find that many teens are addicted to one or more of the following: drugs, alcohol or porn. Many teens see porn as something that is unique and interesting, and because it has to do with sex, they think that it something they are getting away with. However, this can lead teens into thinking that sex is more about hurting someone than about love. Many teens see their parents drinking, smoking or using drugs, which often makes them curious. They want to know what their parents are doing and why they are behaving in different ways. Sometimes, teens are trying drugs, alcohol or smoking because their friends are doing it and they do not want to be left behind. Currently, there are 22.6 million teens who are dealing with some form of addiction and about 35 million families who have children who are at risk for some form of addiction (Christian Broadcasting Network, 2008). This lets us know that teenagers are in trouble and that something must be done to help them. Timeline Week Assignment 1 Identify the topic of the timeline after reading many articles. 2 Read information on the topic 3 Read information in textbook, journal articles, books 4 Spend several hours online finding articles for the topic 5 Collect literature articles for literature review 6 Summarize and critique the coll ected sources 7 Begin a draft of the capstone 8 Write the first few sections 9 Identify and write the main solution to the paper 10 Finish draft of capstone; edit draft 11 Finish final draft of capstone and turn it in. References Christian Broadcasting Station. (2008). Teens and addiction. Retrieved from

Small Business Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Small Business Enterprise - Essay Example The next part describes the strategies of the business, like the pull and push factors used. Then the project tries to explore the future prospects of the business. It identifies the areas in which the small business could venture and provides reasons for its success in those areas. It tries to identify the market that should be the main target of the business. Lastly, the project makes an analysis of the managerial strategy that should be employed for the success of the business Small Businesses Small businesses are essentially required in an economy as they support and enhance industrialisation of the nation. They help to acquire competitive gains and catalyse the process of development. These organisations primarily focus on research and development which results in the production of new and innovative products and the use of new and superior technologies (Berte, Rodrigues & Almeida, 2010, p.1). The workforce remains low as compared to the large enterprises. These businesses gener ally employ less than 500 employees (Headd, 2000, p.1). However, these firms are characterised by shortage of resources. Resource shortage influences their strategy formulation, especially the marketing and positioning strategies. Small businesses are often the young firms and are likely to be located in the rural areas. They are predominantly present in industries â€Å"with lower economies of scale† (Headd, 2000, p.1). The educational requirement for such firms remains different from the large ones. A large percentage of the employees have degrees below the level of graduation. Very few of them are said to have reached beyond the graduation level. These businesses are generally risk averters and their possibilities if failures due to taking risks also remain high. They also tend to be short sighted and aim to gain in the short term (Trevisan, 2009, p.3). History and Background of the Business The wood processing enterprise was set up in the Ondo state which is a place where a number of small enterprises have been established. The wood based small enterprises accounts for 44% of the total labour force in this rural region. The common characteristics of these enterprises are that they are extremely small and heavily reliant on the entrepreneurs and family labour. The operations are also carried out using simple and common technology. Logging, furniture and carpentry were among the predominant and commonest professions in the place. This provided the basis on which the wood processing enterprise was set up (Adedokun, Oyun & Adetogun, 2005, p.2). The place is also characterised by the presence of a large market where the large scale forest industries are unable to reach. This increases the requirement of the small businesses and consequently creates a large market for them. For a long time the small industries in the region were neglected. The world was undergoing industrialisation aggressively and the major focus was on the large enterprises. However, no w the situation has changed. The attention has now shifted towards the wood based enterprises in the rural regions. This is the reason why this particular enterprise was chosen to be established in the area. Brief Information about the Business Because of the increase in

My View on Consumerism Essay Example for Free

My View on Consumerism Essay The main point of In Praise Of Consumerism by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr. was that consumerism is very broad and relates to a lot of different features in everyones everyday life. When Rockwell says consumerism is just another word for freedom in the marketplace. What Rockwell is saying is that any person in the world can buy anything they want because of the widespread variety and costs. Any person could be rich or poor and still have some sort of option even if you had to scavenge materials and build your own item, consumerism plays a role. In todays world technology advances and some people in the world just cannot keep up with it and give up, like smartphones even, I recall seeing an elder woman throwing a new smartphone at the ground in a Verizon cell phone store awhile ago. People today also crave information and with consumerism they are given options to view info differently with your phone, laptop, or even tablet. People in the world today not only want heat in the winter, but they also want air conditioning in the summer, to top that off those heating and air systems are advancing all the time. When it comes to a variety or choice of products is when different manufacturers compete to make the better product. Rockwell says, If something is broken, we want the materials made available to repair it. I can really relate to that quote right now because while Im writing this essay, I am also sewing my backpack together. I went to the local Pac-And-Save store to purchase that sewing kit and I was looking for the cheapest available, but there was only a choice of one but lots of variety in thread color sold separately. I agree with Rockwell when he relates to people wanting creature comforts or a variety of necessities like food, wine, cleaning products, toothpaste, and razors. Some people are limited though when it comes to purchasing some bigger items like Heat pumps for homes or Air Conditioners. New units can cost upwards of 2,000 to 3,000 dollar range, but this is where variety or choice come into play and sometimes you can shop around for a used bargain or even get estimates on new equipment from different businesses to see where your going to save the most money. When money is not a problem people abandon old forms of communication or entertainment for far superior modes of information technology. like Rockwell said. The worlds economy is still not the greatest and because of that many people today want options and choices when it comes to buying anything.People are getting what they want to because of something called Market Economy says Rockwell. Market economy, in Rockwells definition Is nothing but a bunch of people cooperating and innovating to make better lives for themselves. He also states that there is no dog-eat-dog competition which I disagree with. I believe that manufactures of products that consumers want also want there products to be the best so the people designing the product will do whatever it takes to make the other manufacturer look bad or there product look like junk. In this quote Rockwell says, But if by consume we meant to purchase products and services with our own money in order to improve the human condition, who can help but plead guilty? I like that quote about consumerism because it affects our economy in a better way while improving human health globally. In a earlier paragraph Rockwell says, Theres no dog-eat-dog. There is so much competition in the consumerism industry, when theres a new product there are all sorts of people out there to try and make it better. Manufacturers also try to make the product less expensive and so it appeals to a different group of people. If some company in America has a better reputation and they improve that product but maybe mark the costs up because that Made In America sticker costs a little more for labor will get some people to buy it for that reason only not the cost difference. One thing that I think is very good about consumerism is that it can be used to better the human life, health, and just all around living. People are able to purchase things like cough medicine, or vitamins to help simple sicknesses. In the bigger aspects there are scientists that buy products to held find cures and help get rid of viruses. Rockwell says, The whole history of ideas about society has been spent trying to come up with some system that serves the common man rather than just the elites, the rulers, and the powerful. I dont understand what this quote means when I read it, but the next sentence kind of puts it in perspective for me, the story reads, When the Market economy, and its capitalistic structure, came into being, that institution was finally discovered. I derived this from that quote, that leading manufactures have more power over smaller companies. Some People today let Greed take over and they buy superfluous things like Rockwell said. He also said, who is to say what is a need versus a mere want? I think Its all up to the person with the cash buying whatever products it might be. I agree to Rockwell when he says, wants and needs are linked so the one persons necessities are met precisely because other peoples wants are met. Here is an example, A farmer sells his crops to the Co-op And in return he uses the money, for seed, for the next years crop. Market Economy is King over some things in Life, don’t let it get the best of you though. Do research on products before you buy, look at customer reviews, ask people that have purchased a different brand of the same tool, or be straight forward and contact the manufacturer and ask about how many faulty units they have had or any complaints, any of those things can steer you in the right direction when fighting or loving Consumerism.

The Effect of One Tribe on an Entire Nation :: history

The Effect of One Tribe on an Entire Nation The Roman Catholic Church is a foundation of medieval European culture. However, certain people also had influential effects. These included Pope Urban II, Walter the Penniless, and Peter the Hermit. Everyone in Europe belonged to the Roman Catholic Church except Arabs, Jews, and the people of the Byzantine Empire. The position of Pope had great responsibility. The Pope had more power and wealth than any king or noble. However, most of the power of the church came from the excommunication. Anyone who had committed an offense against the church was expelled from it. Also, Christians were forbidden contact with anyone excommunicated, even if they were family. One show of the vast power held by the church involved King Henry IV. Pope Gregory VII excommunicated him in 1076 C.E. King Henry IV was forced to beg for absolution and was eventually forgiven by Pope Gregory VII because he was bound by his position to resolve him. However, if an excommunicated noble remained defiant, he was forbidden to receive the Sacraments as well as the normal procedures. This law kept the nobility in line. The church also had the power to extend sanctuary to anyone accused of an evil offense. Sanctuary was a place of protection. If a man was being sought after for a crime, one option was for him to enter the church, confess his sins, and be resolved. His seekers had no power over him while he was residing there. The church also provided an education for most people. The language of the teachings was Latin. Since the church was so large, the task of maintenance was great. Men and women who retreated from worldly distractions were called monks and nuns. Nuns held residence in nunneries; while, monks lived in monasteries. Monks followed the Rule of Benedict. This devoted them to certain work and prayer. Their work was significant though because Romans and Barbarians of the time considered work to be for slaves and below the level of even commoners. Their main duties were teaching and farming. Since the Catholic religion was such a significant part of every day life, people commonly journeyed to shrines on â€Å"pilgrimages†. Their journey was hard and was often considered a means of penance for sins. The peasants who could not afford a horse on which to journey had to travel by foot—only assisted by a staff.

Gay Marriage is Immoral Essay

The debate over the acceptability of the same sex marriage in today’s world has raged on for a number of years now. Both pro and anti same sex marriage activists have been locked in a perpetual tug of war over whether this marriage is ethical or unethical or whether it should be legalized or outlawed. Since the first same sex marriage was given a formal recognition in Denmark, efforts have been stepped up by gay activists to have the same replicated in Europe and in the United States and with considerable success though. The term same sex marriage is used to denote a civil union of people from the same sex, recognized by law and accepted by the society. With all the controversy that has raged over this debate and after a clear analysis of the arguments and counter arguments, this paper maintains that same sex marriages are immoral and defy the natural order of the society. There are a number of reasons that indicate that gay marriages are immoral and should not be in any way recognized by law or by the society. The traditional stand and definition of marriage, a definition that has stood the test of time is that it is union of two consenting people, a man and a woman and not a union of two men or two women. This is the same stand taken by the two important Holy books; the Bible and the Quran. For the law to recognize same sex marriages or the society to purport to support gay unions, it is to go against the conventions as set by religion and traditions. Islam is vehemently opposed to same sex marriages. In the Quran, Muhammad Abu Zahra defines marriage as a contract between a man and a woman with an intention of living and assisting each other. Ibn Uthaimeen also takes a similar comprehensive perspective in regard to marriage seeing it too as a mutual contract entered into by a man and a woman with the sole purpose of bringing up a family. Procreation is core to marriage from an Islamic perspective. Christianity is against the union of gays in a marriage. The motivation behind this opposition stems from the book of Genesis where it says that God created man and a woman so that they can live together and assist each other. God saw that man had grown lonely in the garden of Aden and thought that He could give him a helper. This helper turned out to be a woman. According to the bible, homosexuality is a sin and will be highly punished. The Bible seems to lump homosexuals alongside murderers and thieves, meaning that it highly disapproves of such tendencies. It hence would be a contravention of Christianity for the same church to go ahead and bless same sex marriages (Caramagno, Thomas C, 34). There is a ranging controversy in the modern world when the issue of the same sex marriages comes up especially amongst Christians. Many liberal churches have gone ahead and blessed same sex marriages purporting to get the justification for this from the bible. This is not possible as the bible strongly condemns it, referring to it as an abomination. The new liberal churches are just consumed by the desire to appear modern and accommodating but not driven by the motivation to fulfill bibles promises. The Catholic Church for example has maintained its conservative stand on these issues quoting verses from the bible and not willing to conform to modernity, this is in spite of the fact that a number of bishops and presents have come out in a strong support of same sex marriages. It should be emphasized that in spite of the modern views on gay marriages, the bible still sees it as an immoral practice. The only union that Christianity should recognize is the marriage between a man and a wife (Robert P. George, Jean Bethke Elshtain, 46). A look at the various cultures in the world indicates that they are against homosexuality and by extension same sex marriages. A look at the history of homosexuality shows that it has always been frowned upon in the society, a concept referred to as homophobia. The mid of last century was full of hostilities towards homosexuals who were being subjected to all manner of injustices in the society. This sort of discrimination was cultural based; traditions were against homosexuality in the dominant feeling that it was immoral and also an abnormal practice. This is a notion that still stands in many cultures. Only in the last decades of the last century did this discrimination subside. Cultural relativism posits that our beliefs and practices are direct products of our culture. The dominant cultures are against homosexuality and hence no more accommodating towards same sex marriages. Emmanuel Kant’s philosophy on categorical imperative states that humanity should â€Å"act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law† (James welling, 1993) According to Kant, what is considered moral is one which can be done by everybody under all circumstances. Same sex marriages then are not acceptable if interpreted alongside this line of thinking. Traditionally, the real essence of marriage is procreation. This is something that can be achieved through same sex marriages. Emmanuel Kant could not have approved same sex marriages on the basis that they can not be taken up by whole or greater portion of the society. Similar to the cultural relativism principle is the virtue theory that seeks to lay great emphasis on virtues. The society has clearly demarcated virtues from vices. Stealing and promiscuity are vices that are frowned upon by every orthodox society. Homosexuality has been traditionally considered a vice and hence same sex marriage according to the virtue theory is also unacceptable. There is also the concern that allowing same sex marriage is tantamount to signaling the end of the world in terms of population density. It has been mentioned that religion and traditions recognize procreation as a key factor in marriage. This is one aspect that is clearly missing from gay marriages. It is important to note though that there are laws in some states and countries that allow same sex partners to adopt children. Sociologists have questioned the rationality of such an idea and whether such children will be able to grow up like normal kids. Perfect families comprise of both man and wife who come together to bring up children giving them both maternal and paternal love. Same sex marriages deny children the rights to enjoy this kind of love. There are a number of arguments that have been put forward by the proponents of same sex marriages. One of them centers on freedom association as a basic right. Freedom of choice movement and association are basic rights enshrined in the bill of rights. Discrimination is also an issue tackled in the same breath when human rights come up. By failing to give recognition to same sex marriages, the law and the society are discriminating against the minority. They go ahead and argue that homosexuals are human beings in need of recognition and liberty to do what they see fit without any form of discrimination. To deny them the right to marry like the heterosexuals is a contravention of their rights, privileges and benefits accessible to heterosexual partners in marriage. This is their basic human right (Wolfson, Evan, 19). Proponents of same sex marriages also use the evolution theory to justify its appropriateness. They have noted that the society and traditions have undergone an evolution and the society is gradually becoming more accommodating. Some held notions traditionally have ceased to hold. Polygamy was acceptable in the past but it is frowned upon nowadays. Homosexuality was seen as illegal but now it has become an acceptable practice. Having children out of wedlock is not considered a cardinal sin anymore. Proponents are saying that the same case should happen to the institution of marriage. The traditional idea of marriage as being a union of a man and a woman should also change to include same sex partners to ensure that many people join this holy institution Homosexuality too they argue is not unnatural, it is not unusual as some people claim it is. Homosexuality is a natural behavior deeply ingrained in a person’s genes and hence cannot be controlled. Prohibiting same sex marriages on the basis that people can change their behavior is wrong as it denies them a chance to be in a lasting, loving and faithful relationship as sexual orientation is incontrollable (Chauncey, George, 19). On the issue of its legalization, proponents of same sex marriages scoff at the idea that religion should have a say on whether it should be legal or should be prohibited. They claim that separation of states and religion is a key ingredient to any progressive and democratic nation. The government hence should not have a say on who one should marry or should not marry. This however is an argument that does not hold any water. Though they are right in their claim that the church and the state should be separated, this separation however does not delink totally religion from the process of law making. Laws and government legislations are a product of traditions and practices which to a certain extent are inspired by religion. Religious views have to be incorporated to ensure synergy. The argument on the evolution of societal practices is ill advised, just because changes have occurred and some things frowned upon have become acceptable does not mean that the society has to accept every thing that comes its way even when its inappropriateness has been recognized. Proponents of same sex marriage when they advocate against discrimination and decry their human rights violation. Discrimination against any person for his sexual orientation or gender is not acceptable, but this does not mean that same sex marriage is acceptable, but this does not mean that same sex marriages should be recognized. The societal traditions and values have to be upheld. In conclusion, it is important to note that prohibiting same sex marriages is not in anyway contravening fundamental rights of same sex partners, it is just a way of upholding values, beliefs and ideals entrenched deep in the society. Same sex marriages are immoral as they go against the conventions of the Bible and the Quran, both of which consider it immoral. Same sex marriages go against the traditional institution of marriage as they do not conform to one of its core essential, procreation. Legalizing same sex marriage is tantamount to sanctioning moral erosion and contravention of societal values and ideals. Works Cited Kant, Immanuel; translated by James W. Ellington [1785] Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals 3rd ed. Hackett. 1993, p30. Wolfson, Evan . Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People’s Right to Marry. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2004, 19.

Christianity and Buddhism

Two different faiths; Christianity and Buddhism. These two religions that have pillars centered on Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha respectively. Christianity has had a wide influence, stretching across the world and with leading figures like President George Bush (USA), Senator Hillary Clinton, and even the Pope, a spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and head of the Vatican sate. Buddhism, though mostly predominant in the orient world, has penetrated the Western cultures, Hollywood’s Richard Gere, Tina Turner, and L. A Lakers coach, Phil Jackson have identified with the Buddhists Faith through its spiritual leader the Dalai Lama.These two faiths have parallels. In contrast or comparison the two faiths meet and also depart at the foundational level of the very pillars of Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha. The Differences At the very moment of birth Jesus Christ was born in a manger in the midst of want and desolation. According to biblical scriptures he was born among the poo r. Gautama Buddha on the other hand, was born in a palace where his father who was the ruler of a region within present day Nepal, made sure that he lived within the pleasures and wealth of his empire.In addition, Buddha lived as a prince, as royalty whereas Christ was born into a family where the father figure was a carpenter and he had to learn the skills of carpentry. The divinity of Jesus Christ has a divergence from that of Buddha. Jesus Christ claimed that he was the only Son of God. The bible in many of its texts reaffirms this divinity; to a tune of calling Jesus Christ, the â€Å"presence of God† as man. Buddha However, claimed no divinity in person. Only that about 700 years after Buddha passed on, Mahayana Buddhism attached divinity to the character of Gautama. .Buddha worked out no miracles, signs or wonders. The bible however, in the New Testament is wrought with events of miracles of Jesus Christ. From the beginning of the synoptic Gospel or Matthew, through Mar k, Luke and John, the Lord Jesus Christ healed the afflicted stopped and calmed a raging sea among other miracles. Jesus Christ, speaking on the mount espoused and blessed â€Å"those who hunger and thirst for righteousness for they shall be satisfied†. He encouraged his followers to â€Å"seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness and all other things would be added unto them (who believed)†.However Buddha saw the need of eliminating craving and desire and as such attains enlightment. Jesus Christ said â€Å"I am the Way, the Truth and the Life†. Buddha however, took the role of a guide, a religious â€Å"Way Shower†. Buddha had a means to the nirvana for the believer, but each believer had to find his or her own path Buddha is buried in the Himalaya Mountains, at Kusinara. He never resurrected. After crucifixion and death, Christ resurrected on the third day triumphing over death and sin. The SimilaritiesThe Buddhist scriptures tell of Buddhaâ €™s mother, Mahamaya, being made to carry child Buddha in her womb through the power of the â€Å"holy Spirit†. Also a â€Å"heavenly messenger’ informed Mahamaya of the way she was to bear the â€Å"son of the highest kings. † Many other events followed the birth of Buddha like the appearance of the â€Å"flower Star† in the East, and also a group of angelic messengers celebrated the birth of Buddha. The birth of Christ is foretold in the scriptures of the bible as the mother Mary was made to conceive through the â€Å"immaculate conception† of the Holy Spirit.Angels also ministered unto Mary telling her that she would bear a son who would redeem the world. In addition the star of the east shone bright and did guide the three Magi to see and proclaim the birth of the â€Å"king of Kings†At the birth of Jesus Christ King Herod set out to kill all the male firstborns with a view of eliminating any possible challenger to his throne. Not f orgetting that Virgin Mary Mother of Jesus had to run and hide the kid Jesus from the executioners. For the case of Buddha he was born of a Virgin called Maya. King Bimbasara wanted him dead as he thought that Buddha would one day ascend the throne.Buddha amazed the wizened old men and priests of the temple just as Jesus Christ did to the Pharisees and teachers of the Mosaic Law; both achieved this at the age of 12. James Hastings, in the book encyclopedia of religion and ethics page 883 tells of Buddha demanding of his disciples that they renounce all forms of worldly possessions. â€Å"The number of the disciples increased rapidly, and Gautama sent forth his monks on missionary tours hither and thither, bidding them wonder everywhere, preaching the doctrine, and teaching them to order their lives with self restraints, simplicity and charity†.On the other hand Jesus Christ called â€Å"to himself the twelve disciples sending them out two by two. So they went out and preache d that men should repent Mark 6:7-12†. According to the book of Mathew 28:19, Jesus Christ was part of a trinity. The Chinese (1836) alludes to the fact that Buddha is part of trinity. Indeed the two are part of trinities expressed in both religions. At birth Buddha was declared divine as was Jesus Christ. The book of Mathew, tells of the Magi who came to present Jesus with gifts and worshipping him as divine.On the other hand the divinity of Buddha was bestowed on him according to the Buddhist faith. The book of Matthew 2:2 has an angel announcing the birth of Jesus Christ. Buddha’s birth was also foretold by a celestial body. They both claimed to be royal descent. Jesus Christ traced his bloodline to that of King David. Buddha, whose father is Sodhodana, has the royalty also traced to the first dynasty of Maha Sammata. At the birth Christ was presented with gifts of myrrh, frankincense and gold. On the other hand, Buddha received precious substances and priceless Jewe ls.The synoptic gospel of Matthew tails of the transfiguration of Jesus Christ on the mountain. For Buddha, it also happened on a mountain where â€Å"A flame of light engulfed his head, shining as the sun or moon†. The scriptures tell of the â€Å"angels† praising in heaven at their birth. For Jesus, the bible records, â€Å"Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace, goodwill among men†. For Buddha it is written â€Å"Today, Bodhisattva is born on earth, to give joy and peace to men and Devas (angels), to shed light on the dark places, and to give sight to the blind†.De Bunsen, in page 45 notes that Buddha was baptized in the presence of the spirit of God. Jesus Christ in Matthew 3:16 is baptized in the presence of the spirit of God. According to Max. Muller in the book ‘Introduction to the Science of Religion’, two very similar incidences happened in the lives of Jesus and Buddha. Muller explains â€Å"Ananda, the disciple of Buddha, after a long walk in the country, meets with Matangi, a woman of the low caste of the Kandalas, near a well and asks her for some waters. She tells him what she is and that she must not come near him.Ananda replies â€Å"my sister, I ask not for your caste or family, I ask only for a drought of water. She afterwards becomes a disciple of Buddha. † The bible on the other hand tells the story of the Samaritan woman. According to the book of John 4:7-9 â€Å"there came a woman of Samaria to draw water Jesus said to her; â€Å"give me a drink† for his disciples had gone to the city to buy food. The Samaritan woman said to him â€Å"how is it that you, a Jew, ask a drink of me, a woman of Samaria? † for Jews have no dealing with Samaritans, They launched their careers at an almost similar age.It’s at age 29 that Buddha â€Å"went to the garden, saw a monk who was calm, tranquil, self possessed, serene and dignified. The prince, (Buddha, determined to become such a monk†. The Christian book says â€Å"Jesus, when he begun his ministry, was about 30 years of age†. Both were tempted by the devil. In Matthew 4:10, â€Å"All these I will give you if you worship me† Christ was told. And Buddha was told† go not forth to adopt a religious life but return to your kingdom and in seven days you shall become emperor of the world, riding over four continents†.Both celebrated overcoming evil, for Jesus, according to Matthew 4:11 the â€Å"angels come and ministered to him†. For Buddha, â€Å"The skies rained flowers, as delicious odors prevailed in the air† EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Perhaps the best conclusion to these differences and similarities are the actions made in the lives and times of these men. And this has to do with expressing faith where skepticism abounds. So another similarity among the two men is; â€Å"come†, so Peter got out of the boat and walked on the water and came to Jesus, but when he saw the wind he was afraid, and beginning to sink he cried out.â€Å"Lord, save me! † as shown in Matthew 14:29-30. Buddha showed skeptical villagers his disciple walking across a river without sinking†. In addition some incidences attest to the similarity of their situation like the time that Buddha took a purifying birth in the river Nerajara, just as Christ Jesus too was baptized in the river Jordan. The bible recounts the journey of Christ riding on a donkey with fronds of palm spread out for him on the way. Though slightly different the story of Buddha is centered on his riding a horse, with flowers being tossed by angels.Jesus Christ was poor, lacking in earthly possessions and encouraging the wealthy to â€Å"sell all they had and follow him. † Buddha was no different; he took an oath of embracing poverty and even wondered home Less, advising his disciples, who were 12 as those of Jesus, â€Å"to travel without money, trusting to the aid of providence †. 1. http://www. probe. org 2. http://www. lucidcafe. com 3. http://www. encyclopedia. farlex. com/buddhist. 4. http://www. moonpointer. com 5. http://www. songha. org/index. html

What is Bells Palsy †Health Essay

What is Bells Palsy – Health Essay Free Online Research Papers Bell’s Palsy is a temporary condition that affects the nerves and muscles in the face. It is a unexpected loss of control of movement in the facial muscles. The facial muscles become weaken or paralyzed causing one side of the face to droop or sag. Sir Charles Bell, for which Bell’s Palsy was named after, discovered the condition in the 19th century. He was a Scottish surgeon who studied nerves and the common cause of facial paralysis. Bell’s Palsy can happen to anyone, but most likely in pregnant women, people with diabetes, and people who have a virus. It affects almost 1 of every 5,000 people and 40,000 Americans per year. There is a facial nerve that directs the muscle on each side of the face called the 7th cranial nerve. When the function of the nerve is disrupted, the messages that the brain sends to the facial muscles are not received. This is what causes the face to weaken and be paralyzed. The causes of Bell’s Palsy is not yet known, but what we do know is that it happens when the nerve that travels from the brain swells because of an infected virus, like herpes simplex, and the blood supply gets cut off. This causes the cells to die and the nerve can no longer carry any messages to the muscle. There are two systems that Bell’s Palsy effects the nervous system and the muscular system. With the 7th cranial nerve cells dying, the normal function of the nerve can not take place, which is to send nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands. This effects the muscular system because now the muscles can not receive the impulses from the brain, therefore the muscle can not contract. This is what causes the face on the affected side to sag and droop. A person can also experience difficulties closing and blinking the eye. The tear and saliva glands become inactive and the eye will water uncontrollably and drooling of the mouth will take place. This also makes speaking a challenge since the affected side of the mouth is attracted to the unaffected side. Before the start of Bell’s Palsy the nervous system interacted with the muscle system flawlessly. The nerve impulses would communicate with the muscle and the glands giving them directions on what to do. The muscles would be able to contract and give the face expression again, instead of having part of the face sag, it would be symmetrical. In diagnosing Bell’s Palsy, there is no clinical tests done. If a person who gets paralyzed in one side of the face, within hours for no apparent reason, would then need to go see their doctor. The doctor would then be able to see the abnormal appearance of the face and the failure to move the face muscles. After the doctor rules out any other possible facial paralysis the next step is to diagnose the patient with Bell’s Palsy. There is a way to tell the extend of the nerve damage by a test called electromyography, but usually the doctor will be able to tell by just the physical appearance of the face. There isn’t a cure for Bell’s Palsy, just treatment that helps the nerve damage. Most of the time doctors give their patients steroids, which help fight any infections and reduce inflammation. Acyclovir an anti-infection combined with Prednisone, an anti-inflammatory, helps reduce nerve damage and help develop facial functions again. Since one affect to Bells Palsy is that blinking is interrupted and the eye can not blink naturally. So it is important to keep the affected eye moist with eye drops or an eye patch. It is found that the prognosis of Bell’s Palsy is very good. The recovery depends on the extent of the nerve damage. Most people see improvements within two weeks from the start of the symptoms and a complete recovery within three to six months. It may happen in rare cases that the symptoms never go away. I think that stress has something to do with the swelling of the nerves. Usually when you get sick it is because you’re immune system is down and I usually find that the immune system is down because of a lot of extra stress. Experts say you are more at risk to develop Bell’s Palsy when you have a virus and you get a virus when your immune system is down and stress causes your immune system to go down. So my only thought on how to prevent this condition is to cut out the stress in your life (if only it was that easy). Bibliography â€Å"Bell’s Palsy Fact Sheet† ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/bells_palsy.htm Coker NJ and Fisch U: Disorders of the Facial Nerve. Otolaryngology, English GM (ed)Harper and Row, Hagarstown, 1984. Coker NJ: Management of Traumatic Injuries to the Facial Nerve. Otolaryngol Clinics North Am, Weisman RA and Stanley Jr. RB (eds), 24:215-227. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1991 Karnes WE. Diseases of the seventh cranial nerve. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK. Lambert EH, Bunge R, eds. Peripheral neuropathy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. SaunderSaunders,1984;2:1266 -99. May M., et al. Natural History of Bells Palsy: The Salivary Flow Test and Other Prognostic Indicators. Laryngoscope 86: 704 712, 1976. Peitersen E. The Natural History of Bells Palsy. Am J. Otol 4: 107, 1982. Research Papers on What is Bell's Palsy - Health EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Hockey GameAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementGenetic EngineeringCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaLifes What Ifs

Categories of Hurricanes

Categories of Hurricanes The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale sets categories for the relative strength of hurricanes that may impact the United States based on the sustained wind speed. The scale places the storms into one of five categories. Since the 1990s, only wind speed has been used to categorize hurricanes. To estimate wind speed, the wind and wind gusts are measured over some period of time (typically one minute) and are then averaged together. The result is the highest average wind observed within a weather event.   Another measurement of weather is the barometric pressure, which is the weight of the atmosphere on any given surface. Falling pressure indicates a storm, while rising pressure usually means the weather is improving.   Category 1 Hurricane A hurricane labeled Category 1 has a  maximum sustained wind speed  of 74–95 miles per hour (mph), making it the weakest category. When the sustained wind speed drops below 74 mph, the storm is downgraded from a hurricane to a tropical storm. Although weak by hurricane standards, a Category 1 hurricanes winds are dangerous and will cause damage. Such damage could include: Roof, gutter, and siding damage to framed homesDowned power linesSnapped tree branches and uprooted trees In a Category 1 hurricane, coastal storm surge reaches 3–5 feet and the barometric pressure is approximately 980 millibars. Examples of Category 1 hurricanes include Hurricane Lili in 2002 in Louisiana and Hurricane Gaston, which hit South Carolina in 2004. Category 2 Hurricane When the maximum sustained wind speed is 96–110 mph, a hurricane is called a Category 2. The winds are considered extremely dangerous and will cause extensive damage, such as: Major roof and siding damage to framed homesMajor power outages that could last days to weeksMany uprooted trees and blocked roads Coastal storm surge reaches 6–8 feet and the barometric pressure is approximately 979–965 millibars. Hurricane Arthur, which hit North Carolina in 2014, was a Category 2 hurricane. Category 3 Hurricane Category 3 and above are considered major hurricanes. The maximum sustained wind speed is 111–129 mph. Damage from this category of hurricane is devastating: Mobile homes destroyed or heavily damagedMajor damage to framed homesMany uprooted trees and blocked roadsComplete power outages and unavailability of water for several days to weeks Coastal storm surge reaches 9–12 feet and the barometric pressure is approximately 964–945 millibars. Hurricane Katrina, which struck Louisiana in 2005, is one of the most devastating storms in U.S. history, causing an estimated $100 billion in damage. It was rated Category 3 when it made landfall.   Category 4 Hurricane With a maximum sustained wind speed of 130–156 mph, a Category 4 hurricane can result in catastrophic damage: Most mobile homes destroyedFramed homes destroyedHomes built to withstand hurricane-force winds sustain significant roof damageMost trees snapped or uprooted and roads blockedElectrical poles downed and outages lasting several last weeks to months Coastal storm surge reaches 13–18 feet and the barometric pressure is approximately 944–920 millibars. The deadly Galveston, Texas hurricane of 1900 was a Category 4 storm that killed an estimated  6,000 to 8,000 people. A more recent example is Hurricane Harvey, which made landfall at San Josà © Island, Texas, in 2017. Hurricane Irma was a Category 4 storm when it hit Florida in 2017, although it was a Category 5 when it struck Puerto Rico. Category 5 Hurricane The most catastrophic of all hurricanes, a Category 5 has a maximum sustained wind speed of 157 mph or higher. Damage can be so severe that most of the area hit  by such a storm could be uninhabitable for weeks or even months. Coastal storm surge reaches more than 18 feet and the barometric pressure is below 920 millibars. Only three Category 5 hurricanes have struck the mainland United States since records began: The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 in the Florida KeysHurricane Camille in 1969 near the mouth of the Mississippi RiverHurricane Andrew in 1992 in Florida In 2017, Hurricane Maria was a Category 5 when it devastated Dominica and a Category 4 in Puerto Rico, making it the worst disaster in those islands histories. When Hurricane Maria hit the mainland U.S., it had weakened to a Category 3.

Paper on Topic of Business Management Subject Essay

Paper on Topic of Business Management Subject - Essay Example I agree with Ivancevich who states that, â€Å"When an organization is really concerned about people, its total philosophy, culture, and orientation will reflect this belief† (2010, p. 4). Therefore, efficient management of human resources can ensure employee satisfaction and successful attainment of organizational goals. In this reflection paper, I have presented my understanding on the subject of human resource management and have applied this knowledge to my work and life experiences. Having worked in the army in a supervisory role for over twenty two years and currently working as a site manager for the linguistic program in Afghanistan, I have been able to include several examples to illustrate my perception on some of the functions of human resource management: Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Equal employment opportunity (EEO) restricts organizations from discriminating against people based on their gender, race or ethnicity. It guides organizational practices as managers select candidates during the hiring process, promotions and opportunities for training and professional development. Affirmative action (AA) aims to correct past discriminatory practices by providing a level playing field for women, people with disabilities and minority groups like Blacks, Hispanics, Asians and Native Americans. The U.S. army also has EEO policies that â€Å"prohibit discrimination in employment because of race, color, religion, sex, age, handicapping condition or national origin† (U.S. Army, 1990, p. 114). Similarly, the AA policies are directed towards the recruitment, retention and development of high quality minority, handicapped and female employees. These policies are an integral part of employment, development, advancement and treatment of all personnel in the army. Women make up 14% of the U.S. armed forces and a military advisory committee is also considering lifting the ban on women serving in combat (Mulrine, 2011). Similarly, Hispanics make up about 12% of the U.S. army while Blacks and Asians make up about 11% and 4% respectively (Kane, 2005). This ethnic and racial diversity is also seen in higher level positions in the army as well. EEO and AA policies therefore create a feeling of fairness among employees as they experience equal access to trainings, promotion and other career development opportunities. Employers also benefit from these policies as they experience reduced workplace conflict, high job satisfaction and morale among employees, increased productivity and ability to meet organizational goals. As I realize the value of incorporating EEO and AA in an organization, it is my sincere desire to implement these policies in my future endeavors as well. Human Resources Planning, Recruitment and Selection HR planning, recruitment and selection is a key determinant of the overall performance of the organization. Recruitment of the wrong person can lead to increased turnover, low morale among existi ng employees and wasted time and resources with respect to recruiting, interviewing and training, all of which can seriously impact an organization’s bottom line. Following my high school graduation, I worked at a Mexican restaurant for a few months. The manager hired four illegal immigrants from Mexico, despite knowing the fact that they did not have the legal paperwork to work in America. He hired them at lower pay and required them to work for more hours compared to the other employees. An Immigration

Vectors and Statics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Vectors and Statics - Lab Report Example Experimentally, T3 required to balance the ring was found to be 1.6072N. From this, the x compontent and y components of the force were calculated. In comparison, the theoretical value for T3 was found to be 1.84N. This indicates disparity between the theoretical and experimental value, especially after calculating the percentage error that gave out 12.6%. however, this is a slight deviation and can be contribute to the experimental errors. Source of these could be attributed to the non-accurate nature of experimental apparatus since this makes an individual to give a slightly deviating reading from that expected. Further, this could also cumulate to imprecision of the measurements done therein. However, the percentage error should not only be laid solely on the experimental errors but also on the errors arising from using the theoretical value. For example, the theoretical value given are meant for a pulley with frictionless wheels and strings without weight. But in this case, while moving friction is inevitable and weight of the string should also be accounted for the errors. Consequently, this insinuate that there is overestimation of percentage error calculated for the pulley system. Through the above experiment, the application of vector and statics in real life scenarios come out succinctly. For instance, the case of implementing pulley and the inclined plane can be taken as simple machines. For the component of simple machines, the pulley can be applied in lifting a particular load by allowing for application of relatively less force than in a scenarios of direct pulling. In conclusion, the experiment was successful in meeting the major objective of the lab. As can be evident, the percentage error falls within a small margin. Further, the causes of this deviation have been attributed to imprecision of the apparatus and the assumption about non-frictionless pulley. From the